Sin embargo, otros canales ignorados, como la señalización visual, pueden ser utilizados para comunicarse entre conespecíficos. La comunicación intraespecífica en los mamíferos está bien documentada, pero generalmente se limita a la señalización química y acústica. Bear visual signaling not only represents an advance in our comprehension of animal communication but may also serve to easily locate the mating areas of mammals, which are crucial for large carnivore species, such as the brown bear, that frequently need specific and urgent plans for conservation and management. This is the first time that evidence is provided showing that visual signaling in a large carnivore is exclusive to a specific class of individuals (adult males) and linked to reproductive needs only. Visual and chemical marks may provide different information for example, visual marks could be an indicator of individual size and, thus, the dominance status of adult males looking for mating opportunities. Trunk debarking was always associated with chemical marking and was never an isolated behavior, suggesting that visual and chemical signals might be complementary. Video footage showed that visual marking is a sex-, age-, and time-specific means of communication in brown bears, being performed exclusively by adult males during the mating season (mainly April–June in the study area). Here, by using experimental manipulations together with camera traps on 13 brown bear ( Ursus arctos) rubbing trees in the Cantabrian Mountains (northwestern Spain), we document detailed temporal patterns and behavioral aspects of a recently discovered novel communication channel for this species, visual signaling through the trunk debarking of focal trees. However, other overlooked channels, such as visual signaling, may be used to communicate among conspecifics. Intraspecific communication in mammals is well-documented but generally restricted to chemical and acoustic signaling.

Mmd male dark skin base